In spring , we asked residents of 10 European counties for their impression of how many Muslims in their country support extremist groups, such as ISIS. The same survey asked Europeans whether they viewed Muslims favorably or unfavorably. Perceptions varied across European nations: Majorities in Hungary, Italy, Poland and Greece say they view Muslims unfavorably, while negative attitudes toward Muslims are much less common in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Northern and Western Europe.
People who place themselves on the right side of the ideological scale are much more likely than those on the left to see Muslims negatively.
What characteristics do people in the Muslim world and people in the West associate with each other? A survey asked about characteristics Westerners and Muslims may associate with one another. Like any religious group, the religious beliefs and practices of Muslims vary depending on many factors, including where in the world they live. But Muslims around the world are almost universally united by a belief in one God and the Prophet Muhammad, and the practice of certain religious rituals, such as fasting during Ramadan , is widespread.
In other areas, however, there is less unity. For instance, a Pew Research Center survey of Muslims in 39 countries asked Muslims whether they want sharia law, a legal code based on the Quran and other Islamic scripture, to be the official law of the land in their country.
Responses on this question vary widely. Relatively small shares say they see ISIS favorably. The Nigerian militant group Boko Haram, which has been conducting a terrorist campaign in the country for years, has sworn allegiance to ISIS.
In many cases, people in countries with large Muslim populations are as concerned as Western nations about the threat of Islamic extremism, and have become increasingly concerned in recent years. Our survey of U. Muslims finds that Muslims in the United States perceive a lot of discrimination against their religious group.
Moreover, a solid majority of U. Muslims are leery of President Donald Trump and think their fellow Americans do not see Islam as part of mainstream U. At the same time, however, Muslim Americans overwhelmingly say they are proud to be Americans, believe that hard work generally brings success in this country and are satisfied with the way things are going in their own lives. Half of Muslim Americans say it has become harder to be Muslim in the U.
Living in a religiously pluralistic society, Muslim Americans are more likely than Muslims in many other largely Muslim-majority nations to have a lot of non-Muslim friends. Shiite - Or Shia, the second-largest branch of Islam, believes only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the legitimate successors to Muhammad and reject the first three caliphs. Alawite - Concentrated in Syria, a sect within the Shiite community that maintains similar but different core beliefs about the divinity of Ali and the seven pillars of the faith.
They also observe some Christian and Zoroastrian holidays in addition to Islamic holidays. Kharijites - Members of the earliest sect in Islam that left the followers of Ali; their break with the Shiite was over the selection method for a new leader. They were known for uncompromising positions on the observance of the Quran and for radical fundamentalism. Today they are known as the Ibadi or Ibadities.
It is a Sunni sect. There are other sects of both Sunni and Shiite in African and Arab nations. Sharia Law. Sign up now! Pew Research Center uses an array of surveys, census reports, population registers and other data sources to estimate numbers of Muslims and other religious groups around the world, the goal being to count all groups and people who self-identify with a particular religion.
The figures presented here are as of Looking ahead, the Center estimates that by the number of Muslims worldwide will grow to 2.
Just 0. In the U. Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U. New estimates show U. Muslim population continues to grow. Fresh data delivered Saturday mornings. All the other groups have fertility levels too low to sustain their populations: folk religions 1. Another important determinant of growth is the current age distribution of each religious group — whether its adherents are predominantly young, with their prime childbearing years still ahead, or older and largely past their childbearing years.
All the remaining groups have smaller-than-average youth populations, and many of them have disproportionately large numbers of adherents over the age of In addition to fertility rates and age distributions, religious switching is likely to play a role in the growth of religious groups.
But conversion patterns are complex and varied. In some countries, it is fairly common for adults to leave their childhood religion and switch to another faith.
In others, changes in religious identity are rare, legally cumbersome or even illegal. The Pew Research Center projections attempt to incorporate patterns in religious switching in 70 countries where surveys provide information on the number of people who say they no longer belong to the religious group in which they were raised.
In the projection model, all directions of switching are possible, and they may be partially offsetting. In the United States, for example, surveys find that some people who were raised with no religious affiliation have switched to become Christians, while some who grew up as Christians have switched to become unaffiliated. These types of patterns are projected to continue as future generations come of age.
For more details on how and where switching was modeled, see the Methodology. For alternative growth scenarios involving either switching in additional countries or no switching at all, see Chapter 1. Over the coming decades, Christians are expected to experience the largest net losses from switching. Globally, about 40 million people are projected to switch into Christianity, while million are projected to leave, with most joining the ranks of the religiously unaffiliated.
See chart above. All told, the unaffiliated are expected to add 97 million people and lose 36 million via switching, for a net gain of 61 million by Modest net gains through switching also are expected for Muslims 3 million , adherents of folk religions 3 million and members of other religions 2 million. Jews are expected to experience a net loss of about , people due to switching, while Buddhists are expected to lose nearly 3 million.
International migration is another factor that will influence the projected size of religious groups in various regions and countries. Forecasting future migration patterns is difficult, because migration is often linked to government policies and international events that can change quickly. For this reason, many population projections do not include migration in their models. But working with researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria, the Pew Research Center has developed an innovative way of using data on past migration patterns to estimate the religious composition of migrant flows in the decades ahead.
For details on how the projections were made, see Chapter 1. The impact of migration can be seen in the examples shown in the graph at the right, which compares projection scenarios with and without migration in the regions where it will have the greatest impact. In Europe, for instance, the Muslim share of the population is expected to increase from 5.
In North America, the Hindu share of the population is expected to nearly double in the decades ahead, from 0. This report describes how the global religious landscape would change if current demographic trends continue. With each passing year, however, there is a chance that unforeseen events — war, famine, disease, technological innovation, political upheaval, etc.
Owing to the difficulty of peering more than a few decades into the future, the projections stop at Readers may wonder, though, what would happen to the population trajectories highlighted in this report if they were projected into the second half of this century. And, if so, when? The answer depends on continuation of the trends described in Chapter 1. After that, the number of Muslims would exceed the number of Christians, but both religious groups would grow, roughly in tandem, as shown in the graph above.
Due to the heavy concentration of Christians and Muslims in this high-fertility region, both groups would increase as a percentage of the global population. It bears repeating, however, that many factors could alter these trajectories. Or if disaffiliation were to become common in countries with large Muslim populations — as it is now in some countries with large Christian populations — that trend could slow or reverse the increase in Muslim numbers.
In addition to making projections at the global level, this report projects religious change in countries and territories with at least , people as of , covering Population estimates for an additional 36 countries and territories are included in regional and global totals throughout the report.
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