The council leader, Keith Wakefield, warned against coming up with simplistic answers as to why riots didn't happen. Geography was important, he said: although the population of Leeds tops ,, the inner-city is small, with neighbourhoods generally self-contained and populations less fragmented and transient.
There are also historical reasons why Chapeltown did not riot. Like Toxteth and Tottenham, this predominantly African-Caribbean area had been at the centre of the riots in the s. But while many grievances remained, lessons from those earlier riots appear to have been learned.
Sir Norman Bettison, chief constable of West Yorkshire police, is credited with pioneering the use of neighbourhood policing teams, and Chapeltown police have invested heavily in improving relations with community mediators such as James and Hendrickson. Overcoming that is the first step. The key was to engage the mediators. You need to find someone who can bridge the gap. I would go so far as to say it would be impossible without people like Lutel and Claude.
Tristan Gatewood, 17, admits he was tempted to go out on to the streets last August. Clarke was his godfather and cousin, and he had been devastated at the loss. But those instincts were outweighed, he said, by his commitment to CYDC, which was founded by James — a former professional footballer — in and is now staffed by more than volunteers.
It more or less keeps you off the streets. He's well-known in the community. When he tells you to do something, you are going to do it.
James and Hendrickson, together with police and youth services, are members of the local gang prevention strategy.
Leeds has all the risk factors of criminality and deprivation necessary for gangs to grow, but the strategy has stopped young men from becoming gang members. It is one of a number of local projects targeting at-risk youths. Jon Lund, of Leeds Youth Offending Service, said many of the recommendations made by the government's riots panel were already happening in Leeds.
Anwar Shan, who co-founded the Deen Foundation eight years ago, who was a witness to Clarke's shooting, said it was the work of community leaders and the co-operation of the authorities that had kept the situation in check.
Troops of them, blacks and Asians. They would have looted everything," he said. Hendrickson said things could easily have been very different. Because young people feel that these shops take all their money. Interviewees were careful to stress the difficulties the area still faced.
According to James, policing on the ground in Chapeltown can at times be "disgusting". He was highly critical of the police dog incident on the night of Clarke's murder, which was referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. But in general he praised the police's approach last August: "They actually listened, and let the community lead from the front. That's what resolves those situations: the community stepping up the game.
Ch Insp Mick Hunter was second-in-command of the operation on 8 August. Proud of the way his forces behaved, he plans to frame the operational map of the night for his office wall.
Hunter deployed about 50 riot officers and vans at tactical positions throughout Chapeltown, but his primary goal was to keep the peace. But the last thing we want is to send rows of riot vans out to a place like Chapeltown. It ruins relationships, raises tensions and ruins years and years of good work. Clearly, the will exists on all sides to improve Chapeltown and repair the damage caused by last August's shooting. UK holidays: What are the rules?
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