This device increases the popularity of the gasoline-powered car, which no longer needs to be started with a hand crank. The canal cuts the sailing distance from the East Coast to the West Coast by more than 8, miles. Armored tanks, machine guns, poisonous gas, submarines and airplanes will force military commanders to rethink traditional strategies of war.
The boat weighs over 10, pounds and uses underwater fins to raise the hull of the boat and decrease drag between the hull and the water. Radio experiences immediate success; by the end of , other licensed stations will join KDKA. The idea for a facsimile transmission was first proposed by Scottish clockmaker Alexander Bain in Convicted murderer Gee John takes 6 minutes to die.
Goddard, Professor of Physics at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, makes the first successful launch of a liquid-fueled rocket at his aunt Effie's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts. The rocket reaches 41 ft. Farnsworth receives backing and applies for a patent, but ongoing patent battles with RCA will prevent Farnsworth from earning his share of the million-dollar industry his invention will create. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in and , where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods.
William Bennett Kouwenhoven develops a device for jump-starting the heart with a burst of electricity. Dollar Mountain follows with an order for six more. Carothers at E.
Nylon will soon become popular as a fabric for hosiery as well as industrial applications such as cordage. It can store data and perform addition and subtractions using binary code. The next generation of the machine will be abandoned before it is completed due to the onset of World War II. Pabst of the Bantam Car. Given its name by its military designation, G. This experiment and others will result in the development of the atomic bomb.
Oppenheimer, Arthur H. Following the tests, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan -- one at Hiroshima, one at Nagasaki -- that claimed more than , lives. Edwin H. Land introduces a new camera that can produce a developed photographic image in sixty seconds. Land will follow in the s with a color model and eventually receive more than patents for his innovations in light and plastics technologies. Later renamed the Telecaster, the guitar will become a favorite with guitar slingers worldwide.
Census Bureau. The memory called up data by transmitting sonic pulses through tubes of mercury. John H. Gibbon performs the first successful open heart surgery in which the blood is artificially circulated and oxygenated by a heart-lung machine. This new technology, which allows the surgeon to operate on a dry and motionless heart, greatly increases surgical treatment options for heart defects and disease.
Conventional submarines need two engines: a diesel engine to travel on the surface and an electric engine to travel submerged, where oxygen for a diesel engine is not available.
The Nautilus, the first nuclear sub, can travel many thousands of miles below the surface with a single fuel charge. Albert Sabin develops a polio vaccine using strains of polio too weak to cause infection but strong enough to activate the human immune system.
His invention will put an end to the polio epidemics that have crippled thousands of children worldwide. Explorer I's mission is to detect radiation; it discovers one of the Van Allen radiation belts. Maiman creates the first laser. The core of his laser consists of a man-made ruby -- a material that had been judged unsuitable by other scientists, who rejected crystal cores in favor of various gases. President John F. Kennedy, who vowed to the world that the United States would put a human on the moon before , has not lived to witness the moment.
Noland Bushnell, the 28 year-old inventor of Pong, will go on to found Atari. Scanners at checkout stations read the codes using laser technology. The hand-punched keyboard cash register takes one step closer to obsolescence. They sell their first software to Ed Roberts at MIT, which has produced the Altair , the first microprocessor-based computer. Gates soon drops out of Harvard. Supercomputers designed by Seymour Cray will continue to dominate the market; the Cray 2, marketed in , will be capable of 1,,, calculations per second.
The flight takes 2 hours, 49 minutes, and wins a [sterling], prize for its crew, headed by designer Dr. Paul MacCready. Constructed of Mylar, polystyrene, and carbon-fiber rods, the Albatross has a wingspan of 93 feet 10 inches and weighs about 70 pounds. The shuttle can be used for a number of applications, including launch, retrieval, and repair of satellites and as a laboratory for physical experiments. While extremely successful, the shuttle program will suffer a disaster in when the shuttle Challenger explodes after takeoff, killing all on board.
Robert Jarvik implants a permanent artificial heart, the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor, keeps Clark alive for days.
PC's have taken the world by storm, dramatically changing the way people communicate. IBM dominates the personal computer market, benefiting both from the production of its own machines as well as "clones" produced by other companies. The rapidly growing biotech industry will seek numerous patents, including one for a tomato that can be shipped when ripe.
The suit will fail, and Microsoft's star will continue to rise. Havemeyer Hall was built between and under the leadership of Charles Frederick Chandler.
It provided research and teaching facilities for faculty and students specializing in industrial, inorganic, organic, physical, and biological chemistry. Pioneering research done here led to the discovery of deuterium, for which Harold Clayton Urey received the Nobel Prize in Six others who did research here subsequently received the Nobel Prize, including Irving Langmuir, the first industrial chemist to be so honored, in The Decew Falls Hydro-Electric Development was a pioneering project in the generation and transmission of electrical energy at higher voltages and at greater distances in Canada.
Using the higher voltage permitted efficient transmission over that distance. This run-of-the-river plant is a typical example of late nineteenth-century small-scale kilowatt low-head hydroelectric power technology. The Fries Manufacturing and Power Company began operating the Idol's Station on April 18, , making it the first commercial hydroelectric plant in North Carolina involving long-distance power transmission, fourteen-miles distance at 10, volts.
Idol's was an important power source for transportation, lighting, and industry in the Winston-Salem area. In his search for a more economical way to make aluminum, Canadian inventor Thomas Leopold Willson accidentally discovered the first commercially viable process for making calcium carbide, which is used for production of acetylene gas, at a location in North Carolina. American history moves from west to east, beginning with Ice Age migrations, through the corn civilizations of Middle America, to the explorations of Columbus, de Soto, and other Spaniards.
As the American character begins to take shape in the early seventeenth century, English settlements develop in New England and Virginia. Their personalities are dramatically different. Professor Miller explores the origins of values, cultures, and economies that have collided in the North and South throughout the American story. Benjamin Franklin and Franklin's Philadelphia take center stage in this program.
As the merchant class grows in the North, the economies of southern colonies are built on the shoulders of the slave trade. Professor Maier tells the story of how the English-loving colonist transforms into the freedom-loving American rebel. The luminaries of the early days of the Republic -- Washington, Jefferson, Adams -- are featured in this program as they craft the Declaration of -- and wage the War for -- Independence.
After the War for Independence, the struggle for a new system of government begins. Professor Maier looks at the creation of the Constitution of the United States. The Republic survives a series of threats to its union, and the program ends with the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on the Fourth of July, At the dawn of the 19th century, the size of the United States doubles with the Louisiana Purchase.
The Appalachians are no longer the barrier to American migration west; the Mississippi River becomes the country's central artery; and Jefferson's vision of an Empire of Liberty begins to take shape. American historian Stephen Ambrose joins Professors Maier and Miller in examining the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase -- for the North, the South, and the history of the country.
Individual enterprise merges with technological innovation to launch the Commercial Revolution -- the seedbed of American industry. The program features the ideas of Adam Smith, the efforts of entrepreneurs in New England and Chicago, the Lowell Mills Experiment, and the engineering feats involved in Chicago's early transformation from marsh to metropolis. The Industrial Revolution has its dark side, and the tumultuous events of the period touch off intense and often thrilling reform movements.
Professor Masur presents the ideas and characters behind the Great Awakening, the abolitionist movement, the women's movement, and a powerful wave of religious fervor. While the North develops an industrial economy and culture, the South develops a slave culture and economy, and the great rift between the regions becomes unbreachable. Professor Masur looks at the human side of the history of the mids by sketching a portrait of the lives of slave and master.
Simmering regional differences ignite an all-out crisis in the s. Professor Martin teams with Professor Miller and historian Stephen Ambrose to chart the succession of incidents, from 'Bloody Kansas' to the shots on Fort Sumter, that inflame the conflict between North and South to the point of civil war.
As the Civil War rages, all eyes turn to Vicksburg, where limited war becomes total war. Professor Miller looks at the ferocity of the fighting, at Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, and at the bitter legacy of the battle -- and the war. Professor Miller begins the program by evoking in word and picture the battlefield after the battle of Gettysburg. With the assassination of President Lincoln, one sad chapter of American history comes to a close.
In the fatigue and cynicism of the Civil War's aftermath, Reconstructionism becomes a promise unfulfilled. As America celebrates its centennial, 5 million people descend on Philadelphia to celebrate America's technological achievements, but some of the early principles of the Republic remain unrealized. Professor Miller and his team of historians examine where America is in and discuss the question of race.
Steel and stockyards are featured in this program as the mighty engine of industrialism thunders forward at the end of the nineteenth century. Professor Miller continues the story of the American Industrial Revolution in New York and Chicago, looking at the lives of Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and the countless workers in the packinghouse and on the factory floor.
Professor Miller explores the tension between the messy vitality of cities that grow on their own and those where orderly growth is planned. Chicago -- with Hull House, the World's Columbian Exposition, the new female workforce, the skyscraper, the department store, and unfettered capitalism -- is the place to watch a new world in the making at the turn of the century.
Professor Scharff continues the story of Jefferson's Empire of Liberty. Railroads and ranchers, rabble-rousers and racists populate America's distant frontiers, and Native Americans are displaced from their homelands. Feminists gain a foothold in their fight for the right to vote, while farmers organize and the Populist Party appears on the American political landscape.
The making of money pits laborers against the forces of capital as the twentieth century opens. Professor Miller introduces the miner as the quintessential laborer of the period -- working under grinding conditions, organizing into unions, and making a stand against the reigning money man of the day, J.
Pierpont Morgan. Professor Brinkley compares the presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson -- the Warrior and the Minister -- in the first decades of the twentieth century. Professor Martin offers a fresh perspective on Progressivism, arguing that its spirit can be best seen in the daily struggles of ordinary people. In a discussion with Professors Scharff and Miller, the struggles of Native Americans, Asian Americans, and African Americans are placed in the context of the traditional white Progressive movement.
Ford's moving assembly line, the emergence of a consumer culture, and the culmination of forces let loose by these entities in Los Angeles are all explored by Professor Miller.
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